Ecological Flora of the British Isles

The Ecological Characteristics for

LAMIUM ALBUM

  1. Char Number: 1.01 Characteristic: Soil nutrients, Value: fertile
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  2. Char Number: 1.03 Characteristic: Soil moisture: 2. drainage, Value: free-draining
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  3. Char Number: 1.10 Characteristic: Shade, Value: light
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  4. Char Number: 1.12 Characteristic: Altitude: 1. maximum recorded (m), Value: 340
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  5. Char Number: 1.13 Characteristic: Altitude: 2. minimum recorded (m), Value: 0
    Reference : Wilson A, The Altitudinal Range of British Plants, North Western Naturalist (supplement) , 1949
  6. Char Number: 1.14 Characteristic: Altitude: 4. typical minimum (m), Value: 0
    Reference : Wilson A, The Altitudinal Range of British Plants, North Western Naturalist (supplement) , 1949
  7. Char Number: 2.01 Characteristic: Status, Value: native
  8. Char Number: 2.02 Characteristic: Typical abundance where naturally occurring, Value: frequent
    Reference : Fitter AH, personal communication , 1991
  9. Char Number: 2.03 Characteristic: Dynamics, Value: increasing
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  10. Char Number: 2.04 Characteristic: First historical record: 1. date, Value: 1548
    Reference : Clarke WA, First Records of British Flowering Plants, 2nd ed., West, Newman & Co., London , 1900
  11. Char Number: 2.11 Characteristic: Range: 3. continents where native, Value: Europe
  12. Char Number: 2.11 Characteristic: Range: 3. continents where native, Value: Africa
    Reference : Turrill WB, British Plant Life, Collins, London , 1948
  13. Char Number: 2.11 Characteristic: Range: 3. continents where native, Value: Asia
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  14. Char Number: 2.12 Characteristic: Range: 4. continents where introduced, Value: North America
    Reference : Turrill WB, British Plant Life, Collins, London , 1948
  15. Char Number: 2.13 Characteristic: SN Index, Value: 2.78
    Indices were derived from data obtained from the Biological Records Centre, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Huntingdon, 1992
  16. Char Number: 2.14 Characteristic: EW Index, Value: 4.1
    Indices were derived from data obtained from the Biological Records Centre, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Huntingdon, 1992
  17. Char Number: 2.17 Characteristic: number of European countries in which native, Value: 21
  18. Char Number: 3.01 Characteristic: Stems: 1. woodiness, Value: non-woody
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  19. Char Number: 3.02 Characteristic: Stems: 2. support, Value: self-supporting
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  20. Char Number: 3.05 Characteristic: Height: 3. typical maximum (cm), Value: 60
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  21. Char Number: 3.06 Characteristic: Height: 4. typical minimum (cm), Value: 20
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  22. Char Number: 3.07 Characteristic: Spread, Value: height > width
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, From:- Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; interpreted by AH Fitter , 1987
  23. Char Number: 3.08 Characteristic: Heterophylly, Value: none
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, From:- Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; interpreted by AH Fitter , 1987
  24. Char Number: 3.09 Characteristic: Leaf shape: 1. type, Value: simple
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, From:- Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; interpreted by AH Fitter , 1987
  25. Char Number: 3.10 Characteristic: Leaf shape: 2. outline, Value: toothed
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, From:- Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; interpreted by AH Fitter , 1987
  26. Char Number: 3.11 Characteristic: Leaf shape: 3. pointed/round, Value: pointed
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, From:- Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; interpreted by AH Fitter , 1987
  27. Char Number: 3.12 Characteristic: Leaf shape: 4. length versus breadth, Value: 1-3 times as long as wide
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, From:- Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; interpreted by AH Fitter , 1987
  28. Char Number: 3.13 Characteristic: Leaf shape: 5. leaf base, Value: cordate
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, From:- Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; interpreted by AH Fitter , 1987
  29. Char Number: 3.14 Characteristic: Leaf shape: 6. petiole, Value: petiolate
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  30. Char Number: 3.17 Characteristic: Leaf area (cm2), Value: 10-100
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  31. Char Number: 3.19 Characteristic: Stomata: 1. surfaces present, Value: lower
    Reference : Banwell G, Lawrie S, unpublished data, York University , 1991
  32. Char Number: 3.21 Characteristic: Stomata: 3. density on upper surface (no/mm2), Value: 0
    Reference : Banwell G, Lawrie S, unpublished data, York University , 1991
  33. Char Number: 3.22 Characteristic: Leaf longevity: 1. type, Value: evergreen
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  34. Char Number: 3.27 Characteristic: Fine root diameter (um), Value: 150-200
    Reference : Paraman P, unpublished data , 1991
  35. Char Number: 4.02 Characteristic: Photosynthetic pathway, Value: C3
  36. Char Number: 4.05 Characteristic: Heavy metal resistance, Value: none
  37. Char Number: 4.06 Characteristic: Carnivory, Value: does not kill insects
  38. Char Number: 4.07 Characteristic: Nutrition, Value: autotrophic
  39. Char Number: 5.01 Characteristic: Life-form, Value: hemicryptophyte
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  40. Char Number: 5.02 Characteristic: Longevity of stems (yrs), Value: <1
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  41. Char Number: 5.04 Characteristic: Mono/poly-carpic, Value: polycarpic
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  42. Char Number: 5.05 Characteristic: Vegetative reproduction/persistence: 1. method, Value: rooting stems
    Reference : Salisbury E, Weeds and Aliens, Collins, London , 1964
  43. Char Number: 5.05 Characteristic: Vegetative reproduction/persistence: 1. method, Value: rhizomes
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  44. Char Number: 5.06 Characteristic: Vegetative reproduction/persistence: 2. pattern, Value: patch-forming
    Reference : Fitter AH, personal communication , 1991
  45. Char Number: 5.07 Characteristic: Flowering time: 1. earliest month, Value: 5
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  46. Char Number: 5.08 Characteristic: Flowering time: 2. latest month, Value: 12
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  47. Char Number: 5.09 Characteristic: Flowering time: 3. peak month, Value: 6
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  48. Char Number: 5.09 Characteristic: Flowering time: 3. peak month, Value: 5
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  49. Char Number: 5.13 Characteristic: Pollen: 2. diameter (um), Value: 41
    Reference : Knuth P, Handbook of Flower Pollination Volume 3 (trans Ainsworth Davis JR), Oxford , 1909
  50. Char Number: 5.15 Characteristic: Pollen vector, Value: insect
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  51. Char Number: 5.16 Characteristic: Dicliny, Value: hermaphrodite
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  52. Char Number: 5.17 Characteristic: Dichogamy, Value: homogamous
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Moore DM, Flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1987
  53. Char Number: 5.19 Characteristic: Fertilization, Value: cross or automatic self
    Reference : Knuth P, Handbook of Flower Pollination Volume 3 (trans Ainsworth Davis JR), Oxford , 1909
  54. Char Number: 5.22 Characteristic: Incompatibility systems, Value: none
    Reference : Knuth P, Handbook of Flower Pollination Volume 3 (trans Ainsworth Davis JR), Oxford , 1909
  55. Char Number: 5.25 Characteristic: Chromosome number(s): 1. number, Value: 18, Quality : non-British data
  56. Char Number: 5.26 Characteristic: 2C DNA content (pg), Value: 2.2, Quality : 2n=18
    Reference : Bennett MD, Smith JB, , Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1976, B274, 227-274
  57. Char Number: 5.27 Characteristic: Appendages on dispersal unit, Value: elaiosome
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  58. Char Number: 5.28 Characteristic: Time of seed dispersal (season), Value: summer
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  59. Char Number: 5.30 Characteristic: Dispersule size - length of longest axis (mm), Value: 2.4, Quality : nutlet
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  60. Char Number: 5.31 Characteristic: Seed size - length of longest axis (mm), Value: 2.4, Quality : nutlet
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  61. Char Number: 5.32 Characteristic: Seed weight: 1. maximum (mg), Value: 2
    Reference : Salisbury E, Weeds and Aliens, Collins, London , 1964
  62. Char Number: 5.33 Characteristic: Seed weight: 2. minimum (mg), Value: 1
    Reference : Salisbury E, Weeds and Aliens, Collins, London , 1964
  63. Char Number: 5.34 Characteristic: Seed weight: 3. mean (mg), Value: 1.43
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  64. Char Number: 5.35 Characteristic: Seed production: 1. maximum (/flower), Value: 4
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  65. Char Number: 5.36 Characteristic: Seed production: 2. typical range (/flower), Value: 1-10
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  66. Char Number: 5.37 Characteristic: Seed production: 3. typical range (/plant), Value: 1000-10000
    Reference : Salisbury E, Weeds and Aliens, Collins, London , 1964
  67. Char Number: 5.38 Characteristic: Dispersal agent, Value: ants
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  68. Char Number: 5.39 Characteristic: Time of germination (season), Value: spring
    Reference : Roberts HA, Boddrell JE, , Journal of Applied Ecology, 1984, 21, 617-628
  69. Char Number: 5.39 Characteristic: Time of germination (season), Value: winter
    Reference : Roberts HA, Boddrell JE, , Journal of Applied Ecology, 1984, 21, 617-628
  70. Char Number: 5.48 Characteristic: Germination type, Value: epigeal
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  71. Char Number: 5.52 Characteristic: Normal method of propagation, Value: vegetative, Quality : but regeneration by seed has been little studied
    Reference : Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R, Comparative Plant Ecology, Unwin Hyman, London , 1988
  72. Char Number: 5.53 Characteristic: Seedbank type, Value: long-term persistent
    Reference : Thompson K, Bakker J, Bekker R, calculated from data in: The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity, CUP.
  73. Char Number: 5.53 Characteristic: Seedbank type, Value: transient
    Reference : Thompson K, Bakker J, Bekker R, calculated from data in: The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity, CUP.
  74. Char Number: 5.53 Characteristic: Seedbank type, Value: seedbank present, type uncertain
    Reference : Thompson K, Bakker J, Bekker R, calculated from data in: The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity, CUP.
  75. Char Number: 5.53 Characteristic: Seedbank type, Value: short-term persistent
    Reference : Thompson K, Bakker J, Bekker R, calculated from data in: The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity, CUP.
  76. Char Number: 5.54 Characteristic: Maximum seedbank density (m2), Value: 875
    Reference : Thompson K, Bakker J, Bekker R, calculated from data in: The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity, CUP.
  77. Char Number: 5.55 Characteristic: Minimum seedbank density (m2), Value: 50
    Reference : Thompson K, Bakker J, Bekker R, calculated from data in: The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity, CUP.
  78. Char Number: 5.56 Characteristic: Mean seedbank density (m2), Value: 296
    Reference : Thompson K, Bakker J, Bekker R, calculated from data in: The soil seed banks of North West Europe: methodology, density and longevity, CUP.
  79. Char Number: 6.02 Characteristic: Physical defences on leaves, Value: hairy
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Warburg EF, Flora of the British Isles, 1st edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1952
  80. Char Number: 6.03 Characteristic: Physical defences on stems, Value: hairy
    Reference : Clapham AR, Tutin TG, Warburg EF, Flora of the British Isles, 1st edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1952
  81. Char Number: 7.01 Characteristic: Conservation Status, Value: , Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  82. Char Number: 7.02 Characteristic: Rarity Status, Value: , Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  83. Char Number: 7.03 Characteristic: Change Index, Value: -0.65, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  84. Char Number: 7.04 Characteristic: Biome, Value: Boreo-Temperate, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  85. Char Number: 7.05 Characteristic: Eastern Limit, Value: Eurasian, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  86. Char Number: 7.06 Characteristic: Continentality, Value: Not continental, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  87. Char Number: 7.07 Characteristic: Northern Limit in Britain, Value: No, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  88. Char Number: 7.08 Characteristic: Northern European Limit (Lat, 5?Ǭ? band), Value: , Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  89. Char Number: 7.09 Characteristic: Southern European Limit (Latitude, 5?Ǭ? band), Value: , Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  90. Char Number: 7.10 Characteristic: Southern European Limit, Value: No Data, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  91. Char Number: 7.11 Characteristic: January mean temperature, Value: 3.59999990463257, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  92. Char Number: 7.12 Characteristic: July mean temperature, Value: 15.1999998092651, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  93. Char Number: 7.13 Characteristic: Annual precipitation, Value: 911, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  94. Char Number: 7.14 Characteristic: Ellenberg Indicator: Light, Value: 7, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  95. Char Number: 7.15 Characteristic: Ellenberg : Moisture, Value: 5, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  96. Char Number: 7.16 Characteristic: Ellenberg: pH, Value: 7, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  97. Char Number: 7.17 Characteristic: Ellenberg Indicator: Nitrogen, Value: 8, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  98. Char Number: 7.18 Characteristic: Ellenberg Indicator: Salt, Value: 0, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  99. Char Number: 7.19 Characteristic: Life Form: normal state, Value: Hemicryptophyte, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  100. Char Number: 7.20 Characteristic: Life Form: less frequent state, Value: , Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  101. Char Number: 7.21 Characteristic: Clonality: normal state, Value: Rhizome far creeping, Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
  102. Char Number: 7.22 Characteristic: Clonality: less frequent state, Value: , Quality : , Subspecies :
    Reference : M O Hill, C D Preston & D B Roy, PLANTATT - Attributes of British and Irish Plants: Status, Size, Life History, Geography and Habitats ISBN 1870393740, CEH Publication Sales, 2004, 73pp
Kew Germination Data:
  1. Plant Name: Lamium album; Country of origin: UK; , % germination 75; Pre Treatment: ; Medium: 1% agar + 250 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3); Conditions: 15°C, 8/16; Notes :
  2. Plant Name: Lamium album; Country of origin: UK; , % germination 77; Pre Treatment: ; Medium: 1% agar + 250 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3); Conditions: 20°C, 8/16; Notes :